To go too far in bullying or oppressing others; to be unbearably arrogant or insulting.
Era:
Ancient
Frequency:
Story:
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Lu's political power was controlled by three influential families: the Ji Sun, Meng Sun, and Shu Sun clans. Duke Ding of Lu became a mere puppet ruler. Hearing that Confucius advocated for the proper order between ruler and minister, Duke Ding summoned him.
The Duke complained that Ji Pingzi (from the Ji Sun clan) was " 欺人太甚" (going too far in his oppression), showing no regard for the sovereign. Confucius analyzed Lu's internal and external troubles and suggested that the Duke establish an alliance with the state of Qi externally, while internally he should reassert his royal authority and implement a series of measures to strengthen his position.