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During the late Warring States period, the State of Qin grew increasingly powerful after Shang Yang's reforms. Fearing Qin's strength, the other vassal states adopted the 'vertical alliance' (Hezong) strategy to jointly resist Qin.
King Hui of Qin appointed Zhang Yi, a native of Wei, as his prime minister. Zhang Yi traveled to various states, advocating the 'horizontal alliance' (Lianheng) strategy. He sowed discord among the six states, threatening and enticing them to align with Qin.
Under Zhang Yi's influence, the alliance of the six states quickly fell apart and became disunited.