Cen Peng, also known as Junran, was a magistrate in Nanyang during the late Wang Mang dynasty. After his city fell to Han forces, he initially served another general, Zhen Fu, defending a city under siege. When provisions ran out, he surrendered. The Han generals wanted to execute him, but Grand Minister Bo Sheng praised Cen Peng's loyalty to his former lord and welcomed his surrender as a sign of embracing justice. Consequently, Emperor Gengshi ennobled Cen Peng.

Later, Cen Peng pledged allegiance to Liu Xiu, who would become Emperor Guangwu. Under Emperor Guangwu, Cen Peng rose to prominence as a Grand General, leading numerous successful campaigns from 25 AD to 35 AD and making significant contributions to the establishment of the Eastern Han dynasty.

In 35 AD, during a campaign against Shu, Emperor Guangwu tasked Cen Peng with leading the crucial Battle of Jingmen, as another general, Wu Han, was not skilled in naval warfare. Cen Peng, to motivate his troops, offered substantial rewards for anyone who would attack the enemy's pontoon bridge. A partial general, Lu Qi, bravely volunteered and set the bridge ablaze. With strong winds fueling the fire, Cen Peng immediately seized the opportunity, leading his forces forward with irresistible momentum (所向无前). They swept through the enemy lines, causing thousands of Shu soldiers to drown and securing a decisive victory.