In 221 BC, after unifying the six states, Emperor Qin Shi Huang grew increasingly arrogant. He often criticized Confucian scholars, deeming himself superior to all. His chancellors and ministers, fearing his wrath, became utterly submissive, adhering to his every command.

However, Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng were displeased with his tyrannical rule and constant pursuit of power. They remarked critically about his extreme diligence, stating that the emperor himself would 'measure books by stone,' dealing with an immense volume of official documents day and night, allowing himself no rest until a certain quota was met. This vivid description, though used in a critical context, conveyed his relentless dedication to managing administrative affairs.