To cite extensively from a wide range of sources and authorities; to draw upon a broad array of references and examples to support an argument or discussion.
Era:
Early Modern
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Story:
During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong ordered the execution of General Quan Shancai, who had accidentally cut down a cypress tree at Zhaoling Mausoleum. Minister Di Renjie believed that Quan Shancai's offense did not warrant a death sentence.
To argue his case, Di Renjie extensively cited historical examples. He brought up Zhang Shizhi, who had persuaded Emperor Wen of Han to release a thief who stole a jade ring from Emperor Gaozu's temple, arguing that even a minor offense should be handled according to law.
He also referenced Xin Pi, who boldly stopped Emperor Wen of Wei by pulling his clothes to ensure he observed the decree concerning displaced citizens, emphasizing the importance of adherence to legal principles.
By drawing upon these diverse historical precedents, Di Renjie demonstrated that a wise ruler must govern strictly by law, not by personal whim. His persuasive arguments, supported by these broad citations, ultimately saved General Quan Shancai from execution.
This event vividly illustrates the essence of "旁征博引" (páng zhēng bó yǐn), meaning to extensively cite various authorities and examples to support one's argument.